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Finger millet (कोदो) - The miracle grain (चमत्कारी अन्न )

  अङ्ग्रेजी संस्करण तल छ । English version follows.

 

कोदो: चमत्कारी अन्न

 

नेपालमा खाद्य सुरक्षा नै दिगो विकासको मूल मन्त्र हो । वर्तमान अवस्थामा विश्वव्यापी जलवायु परिवर्तनका कारण साना किसानहरु खाद्य असुरक्षाको जोखिममा रहेको  बेला खाद्य सुरक्षा र जलवायु परिवर्तनको समस्यालाई सम्बोधन गर्न अनुसन्धानका क्रियाकलापहरु खाद्यवस्तु उत्पादनमा बृद्धि ल्याउन तर्फ केन्द्रित गर्नुपर्ने देखिन्छ । खाद्यान्नको गुणस्तर र मात्रा दुवैमा सुधार ल्याउनु पर्ने अवस्थामा कोदो खेती वरदान सावित हुनसक्छ । 
हालै गरिएका जलवायु परिवर्तन सम्वन्धि अध्ययनहरुले के देखाउँछन्  भने यस शताब्दीको अन्तिम सम्ममा यदि यसै प्रकारले मनसुनी गतिविधिमा परिवर्तन आउने हो भने अनावृष्टि तथा खडेरीको समस्या टड्कारो रुपमा देखा पर्नेछ । धान र गहूँ जस्ता बालीहरुको खेती तथा उत्पादन नराम्रो रुपले प्रभावित हुनेछ । यस्तो अवस्थामा त्यस किसिमका कृषि अनुकुलनका उपयुक्त विधिहरु अपनाउनु जरुरी हुन्छ जसले बढ्दो जनसंख्याको खाद्यान्न आवश्यकता लगातार रुपमा पूर्ति गर्दै जानुको साथै जलवायु परिवर्तनका समस्याहरुलाई पनि न्यूनिकरण गर्दै जान सकोस् । 
 

कोदो नै किन?

  • यसलाई थोरै पानी भए पुग्छ ।

कोदो कम पानी भए पुग्ने र खडेरी पनि सहन सक्ने अन्नबाली हो । १ के.जि. धान उत्पादन गर्न ४,००० लिटर पानी चाहिन्छ भने कोदो सिंचाई विना पनि उत्पादन गर्न सकिन्छ । वर्तमान अवस्थामा देखिएको जलवायु परिवर्तनको संकटलाई हेर्दा कोदो खेती एक अचुक उपाय हो । नेपालमा आकासे पानीको भरमा खेती गरिने धान र गहूँ जस्ता महत्वपूर्ण अन्नबालीको उत्पादन हुन नसक्ने अवस्थामा कोदोको महत्व झनै बढि देखिन्छ ।  

वाली आवश्यक पानीको मात्रा (मि.मि.)
कोदो ३५०
धान १२०० — १३००
मकै   ५०० — ५५

  •  यसलाई रुखो माटोमा पनि लगाउन सकिन्छ ।
कोदोलाई धेरै प्रकारको माटोमा राम्ररी खेती गर्न सकिन्छ । अम्लियदेखि लिएर क्षारीय र बलौटे माटोमा पनि यसलाई लगाउन सकिन्छ । धान र गहूँ लगाउन नमिल्ने माटोमा कोदो खेती गर्न सके अन्न उत्पादन तथा गाईवस्तुको लागि घाँसको राम्रो व्यवस्था हुन सक्छ, जसले गर्दा गरीब किसानहरुको खाद्य सुरक्षामा यसले ठूलो भूमिका निभाउन सक्छ । 
  • यो पोषक तत्वको भण्डार हो ।

धान र गहूँको तुलनामा कोदोमा धेरै गुणा पोषक तत्व हुन्छ । विशेष गरी मिनेरल, फलाम, क्याल्सियम र फाईबर उल्लेखनीय मात्रामा देखिन्छ ।
]


प्रोटिन 
-ग्राम_
फईबार 
-ग्राम_
मीनेरल 
-ग्राम_
फलाम 
-मिलिग्राम_
क्याल्सियम 
-मिलिग्राम_
कोदो 
७३
३६
२७
३१
३४४
धान 
६८
०२ 
०६
०७
१०
गहूँ
११८
१२
१५
५३
४१
     

  • यसलाई रसायनिक मल तथा विषादीको आवश्यकता पर्दैन ।

धान र गहूँलाई जसरी कोदोलाई रसायनिक मल तथा विषादीको आवश्यकता पर्दैन । बरु सुख्खा अवस्थामा रसायनिक मल बिना पनि यसको उत्पादन धेरै हुन आउँछ । यस्तो बेला सुधारिएको गोठेमलको प्रयोग गर्दा वातवरणीय दृष्टिकोणले पनि फाइदाजनक देखिन्छ । वातावरणमैत्री हुनुको साथै रसायनिक मल किन्नु नपर्ने हुँदा आर्थिक हिसाबले पनि कोदो खेती सजिलो छ । यस अलावा रोग किरा पनि यसमा एकदमै कम देखिन्छ । कोदोको यहि गुणका कारण कोषेवालीहरुको भण्डारण गर्दा यसलाई प्रयोगमा ल्याइन्छ ।

  • यसलाई धेरै किसिमले प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ ।

नेपालका पहाडी भेगहरुमा कोदो विशेष गरी ढिँडो र रोटीको रुपमा खाईन्छ । यसमा पाइने पोषिलो खाद्यतत्वका कारण यसमा औषधीय गुण रहेको हुँदा बच्चा, बुढापाका र बिरामीहरुका लागि यो एकदम फाइदाजनक छ । यसका दानाबाट मदिरायुक्त रक्सी पनि बनाइन्छ । नेपालका विभिन्न जातजातिमाझ यसरी बनाइएको कोदोको रक्सीको विशेष परम्परागत र साँस्कृतिक महत्व छ । यसको घाँस गाईवस्तुलाई खुवाइन्छ । खास गरी दुहुना गाईवस्तु र खेत जोत्ने गोरुको लागि यसको घाँस उत्तम मानिन्छ । यी बाहेक यसका पराल छाना हाल्न, भाँडाकुँडा बनाउन र विभिन्न हस्तकलाका सामाग्रीहरु बनाउन पनि प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । 
  • यसलाई लामो समयसम्म भण्डारण गर्न सकिन्छ ।

कोदोको सबैभन्दा राम्रो कुरा भनेको यसलाई लामो समयसम्म भण्डारण गरेर राख्न सकिन्छ । यसको अर्थ, अरु अन्न वालीको अभाव नभईन्जेलसम्म यसलाई जोगाएर राख्न सकिन्छ । यस कारण कोदोलाई भोकमरीबाट बचाउने अन्नको रुपमा पनि लिईन्छ । यसलाई लामो समयसम्म राख्न सकिने कारण यसको दानाको सानो साइज नै हो जसका कारण किरा सजिलै दाना भित्र छिर्न सक्दैन र हानी हुनबाट रोक्छ । ओसिलो ठाँउमा ठूला दाना भएका मकै जस्ता अन्न वाली भन्दा साना दाना भएको कोदोलाई बढी समय भण्डारण गर्न सकिन्छ । यसरी वर्षा याममा पनि यसलाई भण्डारण गर्दा सजिलै कुहिन्न ।
  • यसलाई लामो समयसम्म भण्डारण गर्न सकिन्छ ।

कोदोको सबैभन्दा राम्रो कुरा भनेको यसलाई लामो समयसम्म भण्डारण गरेर राख्न सकिन्छ । यसको अर्थ, अरु अन्न वालीको अभाव नभईन्जेलसम्म यसलाई जोगाएर राख्न सकिन्छ । यस कारण कोदोलाई भोकमरीबाट बचाउने अन्नको रुपमा पनि लिईन्छ । यसलाई लामो समयसम्म राख्न सकिने कारण यसको दानाको सानो साइज नै हो जसका कारण किरा सजिलै दाना भित्र छिर्न सक्दैन र हानी हुनबाट रोक्छ । ओसिलो ठाँउमा ठूला दाना भएका मकै जस्ता अन्न वाली भन्दा साना दाना भएको कोदोलाई बढी समय भण्डारण गर्न सकिन्छ । यसरी वर्षा याममा पनि यसलाई भण्डारण गर्दा सजिलै कुहिन्न ।

 

कोदो जलवायु परिवर्तन सहन सक्ने अन्नबाली हो ।

माथि उल्लेखित गुणहरुका कारण वर्तमान परिप्रेक्ष्यमा जलवायु परिवर्तनद्धारा सिर्जित समस्यालाई सम्बोधन गर्न कोदो एक अति उपयोगी अन्न वाली हो । भविष्यमा हाम्रा सामु जलवायु परिवर्तनका ३ मुख्य चुनौतीहरु देख्न सक्छौं ।
१)  २
— ५ डिग्री सेल्सियस सम्म तापक्रममा वृद्धि 
२)  पानीको समस्यामा वृद्धि 
३)  भोकमरीमा वृद्धि  


यी चुनौतीहरुको सामना गर्न कोदो खेती अति उपयोगी सावित हुन सक्छ । कारणहरु:
१) Temperature stress सहन सक्ने हुनाले बढ्दो तापक्रममा पनि यो हुर्कन सक्छ ।
२) यसलाई एकदम थोरै पानी -३५० मिमि_ भए पुग्ने र खडेरी परेको खण्डमा पनि बाँच्न सक्ने हुनाले पानीको समस्यासँग पनि जुध्न यो एक सक्षम बाली हो ।
३) यो दर्जनौ खाद्यतत्वहरुको भण्डार भएकोले भोकमरीसँग लड्न यो एक महत्वपूर्ण अन्न हो ।

समग्रमा भन्नु पर्दा, ग्रामीण समुदायमा गरीब किसानहरुको खाद्य तथा पोषण सुरक्षाको सुनिश्चितता गर्नुको साथै स्थानीय उत्पादन प्रणालीको दिगोपनलाई जोड दिन कोदो एक उत्कृष्ट अन्न वाली सावित  हुन सक्छ । यसलाई विभिन्न किसिमका माटोमा उत्पादन गर्न सकिने, थोरै पानी भए पुग्ने, सुख्खा पहाडी भेगमा पनि खेती गर्न सकिने भएकोले धान र गहूँ जस्ता अन्नबाली लगाउन नसकिने भू—भागहरुमा यसको सफलतापूर्वक खेती गर्न सकिन्छ । धेरै मल र जलको आवश्यकता नहुनुका साथै अति पोषणयुक्त हुनुका कारण यसको उपयोगीतामा विविधता ल्याई मूल्य अभिबृद्धि गर्न सकेमा साना किसानहरुको लागि आय आर्जनका प्रशस्त ढोकाहरु पनि खुल्नेछ ।

 

Finger millet: The Miracle Grain 

Food security is one of the key factors for sustainable development in Nepal. With global climate change posing a threat to the security of smallholder farmers in the country, research interventions should employ solutions to increase crop productivity- both quantity and quality- for food security and climate resilience. In this regard, finger millet, which is a nutritious cereal crop that forms an important part of diets of people, especially in the mid-hills of the country, holds the key to the problem at hand.
Recent climate modeling findings regarding climate change in South Asia warn against the impact that the predicted modifications in monsoon dynamics will create in the region by the end of the century. These include fewer summer precipitations and longer breaks between rainy periods. Rice and wheat cultivation are expected to be affected in terms of cultivation patterns and yield reduction. Such a scenario calls for urgent and strategic intervention towards adaptive agricultural measures that while ensuring a continued food production to an ever-growing population, will buffer the population against the threats of climate change.

 Why finger millet?

  • It is a low water consuming crop

Millets are water saving, drought tolerant crops. While about 4000 litres of water is needed to grow 1 kg of rice, finger millet can be grown without irrigation. This can be an answer to the climate crisis at present. In the rain-fed agricultural system of Nepal, where the production of rice, wheat and other major cereal crops suffer due to the erratic monsoon pattern, finger millet can become the food of security.

Crop
Rainfall requirement (mm)
Finger millet
350
Rice
1200-1300
Maize
500-550

  • It can grow on the poorest of soil

Millets can be grown successfully in diverse soils from the saline to acidic as well as sandy soils. These thrive well on problem soils where other crops like rice struggle to do well. Poor farmers in rural Nepal own marginal bari lands (uplands) where cultivation of rice and wheat is near impossible. As such, growing millets on these infertile lands can serve to ensure the production of food and fodder for poor farmers.

  • It is a storehouse of nutrition

Compared to the much privileged rice, finger millet has a higher nutritive value. It is many times richer in mineral, iron, calcium and fiber than rice and wheat.


Protein 
(g)
Fiber 
(g)
Minerals 
(g)
Iron 
(mg)
Calcium (mg)
Finger     millet
7.3
3.6
2.7
3.9
344
Rice
6.8
0.2
0.6
0.7
10
Wheat
11.8
1.2
1.5
5.3
41

  • It does not demand synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

Unlike rice and wheat, finger millet does not demand chemical fertilizers. In fact, under dry land conditions, it grows better in the absence of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, most farmers grow them using farmyard manure under purely eco-friendly conditions. These practices make millet production not only eco friendly but also relieves the farmers from the burden of buying chemical fertilizers. Besides, pest problem is rarely seen in finger millet. In fact, they have excellent anti pest properties and are used as anti pest agents while storing delicate pulses such as green grams.

  • It has multiple end uses

Millets can be used in many ways. In Nepal, millet is usually ground into flour for making cakes, puddings or porridge. Due to its nutritive as well as medicinal value, the flour makes a healthy food for babies and people who are sick or weak. A fermented drink or beer is also made from the grains. In Nepal, consumption of millet as an alcoholic beverage (which is one of the many reasons for food insecurity) has a traditional and cultural value. Some people use the straw from finger millet as food for working and milking animals. The straw has a high fodder value and is much preferred by livestock. It is also used for thatching, making walls for small granaries as well as making dishwares.

  • It has high storability

One of the best things about finger millet is that it stores well for long period of time. That means it can be saved and used when other food supplies are scarce. That is why finger millet is often called a famine crop. Finger millet stores well because it has small seeds that dry quickly. Insects can't get inside them and damage the grain during storage. In the humid area, finger millet will store much longer than other large seeded cereals like maize. It does not rot when stored during the wet months.

Finger millet is a climate compliant crop
Due to the qualities mentioned above, finger millet remains our agricultural answer to the climate crisis that the world is facing. Climate change is expected to confront us with 3 challenges:
  • Increasing global temperature by 2-5 °C
  • Increasing water stress
  • Severe malnutrition
These challenges can be addressed by finger millet in the following ways:
  • Finger millet is capable of growing under temperature stress conditions, and therefore it can withstand higher temperature regimes.
  • Finger millet grows under non-irrigated conditions in low rainfall regimes between 200 mm and 500 mm. Thus, it can withstand water stress.
  • Finger millet is a storehouse of dozens of nutrients in large quantities. These include major and micronutrients needed by the human body. Hence, it can help provide nutritional security and thereby lessening the problem of malnutrition.


Finger millet is well suited to enhance the resilience of local production systems and strengthen food and nutrition security, particularly among the rural poor. Finger millet has a wide genetic adaptation and is able to grow successfully in diverse soils, varying rainfall regimes, diverse photoperiods and in marginal, arid and mountainous terrains where major cereals have low success. It has the potential to thrive with low inputs and can withstand severe edapho-climatic stresses, thus being the best candidate to replace commodities like wheat and rice in areas where such crops may gradually becomes less competitive due to climate change. These qualities of finger millet in combination with opportunities for strengthening income generation through value addition can prove beneficial to smallholder farmers in Nepal.

Comments

  1. Did you check against Buckwheat also? Millet is used quite extensively as an alcoholic drink in Nepal so I am not sure if that would be good in a country side already punch drunk.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I understand that consumption of finger millet as alcoholic beverage is one of the major problems from food security point of view. Minus that, finger millet has more comparative advantages over rice and wheat in changing climatic conditions. I have not studied about buckwheat from this perspective. Thank you for pointing it out. I will look into it :-)

      Delete
  2. It sounds, well studied based on the climatic & Geographical status of our country where majority of the area and farmers still depend on rain as the only source of irrigation.

    ReplyDelete

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What sets feminist research apart from research in mainstream positivist science? In this blog I will explore epistemological issues involved in conducting feminist research. In the interest of brevity, I will focus on feminist objectivity. Positivistic research paradigm views scientific inquiry as a rational activity and therefore the term “objectivity” indicates an absolute, perspective-neutral, view of the world. The positivistic notion adopts a dualistic approach in contrasting objectivity with subjectivity. Subjectivity is viewed as allowing attachment of individual or group interpretations while generating knowledge, which lends bias to the process of inquiry. In simple words, objectivity is defined as “the view from nowhere”. Rationality and neutrality are two important aspects of objectivity. This definition of objectivity has been criticized by different feminist epistemologies. One common criticism leveled against this concept by all feminist philosophers of sc...

Random thoughts on a cold autumn afternoon.

Sometimes you find no purpose in life. No strong motivation to hold on to your existence. Outside the window, summer has shut its door on your face and you don't like the ever transient autumn clouds. Winter is far but too scary even in imagination. Why in winter, does the tree disown its pretty leaves? To create a sorry spectacle for onlookers passing by? You would rather cling on to summer, lush with love. But all you have left is the last of its sunshine coursing your veins. You hate to admit it but you don't like impermanence, the ultimate truth of life. Sometimes you get carried away in your train of thoughts. To worlds that never existed, and deep green oceans that never ceased producing giant waves. There you permit your thoughts to rise and settle, without any restraint, just like the waves in the ocean. But you tell yourself not to indulge it, not to give into it, for you are not allowed to follow your thoughts or invite them. You need to be like the green o...